Throwing a football Essay Example For Students

Throwing a football Essay Throwing a footballWhen the football travels through the air for a long pass it always follows a curved path because the force of gravity influences the movement of the ball in the vertical direction. As the ball travels up, gravity slows it down until it stops briefly at its peak height; the ball then comes down, and gravity accelerates it until it hits the ground. Projectile motion is the path of any object that is launched or thrown and has an arched course (howstuffworks)For the football to travel the most accurate and furthest distance, the ball must have the tightest spiral it can develop. This will influence how the ball slows down in flight, because the ball is affected by air drag (howstuffworks). A spiraling throw will have less air drag, will not slow down as much and will be able to stay in the air longer and go farther than a wobble throw. The velocity of the ball and the angle of the throw are the major factors that determine the path of the ball. Vectors are also invol ved in throwing a football because a vector is the direction in which you are throwing. Also when throwing on the running. For example the quarterback rolls out at a speed of 5m/s and after he twist his body to throw down field the vector is now at an angle of 75 degrees, so the quarterback must understand the speed he is running at in order to make an accurate throw (physics.unl.edu). We will write a custom essay on Throwing a football specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The football has a more streamlined design and consequently has less drag, allowing the ball to move more easily through the air. Launch speedLaunch angleAir density and windSpin of footballThe faster it rotates the more velocity it has, the farther it goesdHitting and tackling the running backNewtons third law of motion says if two objects interact, they exert opposite and equal forces on each other. So when players collide, the force of the impact is distributed equally between them. The foam and plastic padding that players use to arm themselves against injury may seem insignificant, but Bloomfield explains, even slight padding means energy must pass through more material before reaching the body. The resulting decrease in speed makes a big difference (abcnews). Four important principles determine how successful a player is stopping the runner: impulse, conservation of momentum, collision, and rotational motion. Impulse is the product of the applied force and the time over which that force is applied. Because impulse is a product like momentum, the same impulse can be applied if one varies either the force of impact or the time of contact. In any tackle in which there is no force other than that created by the collision itself, the total momentum of those involved must be the same before and after the collision also known as the conservation of momentum. The two types of collisions or tackles are elastic and inelastic collisions. Elastic meaning the two players hit but do not remain together after contact and inelastic indicating that the two players stay attached after the contact. When tackling you are always taught to tackle low because the further you tackle away from the runners center of mass the less force is needed (howstuffworks).Th e momentum of a player is M x V. It takes a force to change his momentumMomentum changes when speed and direction changeForces exerted by the ground are important for good footingLeverage is important; if the force has a larger lever arm the opponent can be spun around. Example: The energy dispersed when two 280lb. Players collide at 15mph (5.0 40yd) has the equivalence to the energy of a 10lb. Watermelon dropped from 420ft. Player with most momentum goes in the same directionLower you get as a lineman makes the opponent attack the center of mass. Words/ Pages : 649 / 24

Bulgars, Bulgaria and Bulgarians

Bulgars, Bulgaria and Bulgarians The Bulgars were an early people of eastern Europe. The word bulgar derives from an Old Turkic term denoting a mixed background, so some historians think they may have been a Turkic group from central Asia, made up of members of several tribes. Along with the Slavs and the Thracians, the Bulgars were one of the three primary ethnic ancestors of present-day Bulgarians.   The Early Bulgars The Bulgars were noted warriors, and they developed a reputation as fearsome horsemen. It has been theorized that, beginning in about 370,  they moved west of the Volga River along with the Huns. In the mid-400s, the Huns  were led by Attila, and the Bulgars apparently joined him in his westward invasions. After Attilas death, the Huns settled in the territory north and east of the Sea of Azov, and once again the Bulgars went with them.   A few decades later, the Byzantines hired the Bulgars to fight against the Ostrogoths. This contact with the ancient, affluent empire gave the warriors a taste for wealth and prosperity, so in the 6th century they began to attack the nearby provinces of the empire along the Danube in hopes of taking some of that wealth. But in the 560s, the Bulgars themselves came under attack by the Avars. After one tribe of Bulgars was destroyed, the rest of them survived by submitting to yet another tribe from Asia, who departed after about 20 years. In the early 7th century, a ruler known as Kurt (or Kubrat) unified the Bulgars and built a powerful nation that the Byzantines referred to as Great Bulgaria. Upon his death in 642, Kurts five sons split the Bulgar people into five hordes. One remained on the coast of the Sea of Azov and was assimilated into the empire of the Khazars. A second migrated to central Europe, where it merged with the Avars. And a third disappeared in Italy, where they fought for the Lombards. The last two Bulgar hordes would have better fortune in preserving their Bulgar identities. The Volga Bulgars The group led by Kurt’s son Kotrag migrated far to the north and eventually settled around the point where the Volga and the Kama rivers met. There they split into three groups, each group probably joining with peoples who had already established their homes there or with other newcomers. For the next six centuries or so, the Volga Bulgars flourished as a confederation of semi-nomadic peoples. Although they founded no actual political state, they did establish two cities: Bulgar and Suvar. These places benefited as key shipping points in the fur trade between the Russians and Ugrians in the north and the civilizations of the south, which included Turkistan, the Muslim caliphate at Baghdad, and the Eastern Roman Empire. In 922, the Volga Bulgars converted to Islam, and in 1237 they were overtaken by the Golden Horde of the Mongols. The city of Bulgar continue to thrive, but the Volga Bulgars themselves were eventually assimilated into neighboring cultures. The First Bulgarian Empire The fifth heir to Kurts Bulgar nation, his son Asparukh, led his followers west across the Dniester River and then south across the Danube. It was on the plain between the Danube River and the Balkan Mountains that they established a nation that would evolve into what is now known as the First Bulgarian Empire. This is the political entity from which the modern state of Bulgaria would derive its name. Initially under the control of the Eastern Roman Empire, the Bulgars were able to found their own empire in 681, when they were officially recognized by the Byzantines. When in 705 Asparukh’s successor, Tervel, helped restore Justinian II to the Byzantine imperial throne, he was rewarded with the title caesar. A decade later Tervel successfully led a Bulgarian army to assist Emperor Leo III in defending Constantinople against invading Arabs. At about this time, the Bulgars saw an influx of Slavs and Vlachs into their society. After their victory at Constantinople, the Bulgars continued their conquests, expanding their territory under the khans Krum (r. 803–814) and Pressian (r. 836–852) into Serbia and Macedonia. Most of this new territory was heavily influenced by the Byzantine brand of Christianity. Thus, it was no surprise when in 870, under the reign of Boris I, the Bulgars converted to Orthodox Christianity. The liturgy of their church was in Old Bulgarian, which combined Bulgar linguistic elements with Slavic ones. This has been credited with helping to create a bond between the two ethnic groups; and its true that by the early 11th century, the two groups had fused into a Slavic-speaking people who were, basically, identical to the Bulgarians of today. It was during the reign of Simeon I, the son of Boris I, that the First Bulgarian Empire achieved its zenith as a Balkan nation. Although Simeon evidently lost the lands north of the Danube to invaders from the east, he expanded Bulgarian power over Serbia, southern Macedonia and southern Albania through a series of conflicts with the Byzantine Empire. Simeon, who took for himself the title Tsar of All the Bulgarians, also promoted learning and managed to create a cultural center at his capital of Preslav (present-day Veliki Preslav). Unfortunately, after Simeons death in 937, internal divisions weakened the First Bulgarian Empire. Invasions by Magyars, Pechenegs and Rus, and reignited conflict with the Byzantines, put an end to the sovereignty of the state, and in 1018 it became incorporated into the Eastern Roman Empire. The Second Bulgarian Empire In the 12th century, stress from external conflicts reduced the Byzantine Empires hold on Bulgaria, and in 1185 a revolt took place, led by the brothers Asen and Peter. Their success allowed them to establish a new empire, once again led by Tsars, and for the next century the house of Asen reigned from the Danube to the Aegean and from the Adriatic to the Black Sea. In 1202 Tsar Kaloian (or Kaloyan) negotiated a peace with the Byzantines that gave Bulgaria complete independence from the Eastern Roman Empire. In 1204, Kaloian recognized the authority of the pope and thus stabilized the western border of Bulgaria. The second empire saw increased trade, peace, and prosperity. A new golden age of Bulgaria flourished around the cultural center of Turnovo (present-day Veliko Turnovo). The earliest Bulgarian coinage dates to this period, and it was around this time that the head of the Bulgarian church attained the title of patriarch. But politically, the new empire wasnt particularly strong. As its internal cohesiveness eroded, external forces began to take advantage of its weakness. The Magyars resumed their advances, the Byzantines took back portions of Bulgarian land, and in 1241, Tatars began raids that continued for 60 years. Battles for the throne among various noble factions lasted from 1257 to 1277, at which point peasants revolted due to the heavy taxes their warring overlords had imposed on them. As a result of this uprising, a swineherd by the name of Ivaylo took the throne; he wasnt ousted until the Byzantines lent a hand.   Only a few years later, the Asen dynasty died out, and the Terter and Shishman dynasties that followed saw little success in maintaining any real authority. In 1330, the Bulgarian Empire reached its lowest point when Serbs slew Tsar Mikhail Shishman at the Battle of Velbuzhd (present-day Kyustendil). The Serbian Empire took control of Bulgarias Macedonian holdings, and the once-formidable Bulgarian empire began its last decline. It was on the verge of breaking apart into lesser territories when the Ottoman Turks invaded. Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Turks, who had been mercenaries for the Byzantine Empire in the 1340s, began attacking the Balkans for themselves in the 1350s. A series of invasions prompted the Bulgarian Tsar Ivan Shishman to declare himself a vassal of Sultan Murad I in 1371; yet still the invasions continued. Sofia was captured in 1382, Shumen was taken in 1388, and by 1396 there was nothing left of Bulgarian authority.   For the next 500 years, Bulgaria would be ruled by the Ottoman Empire in what is generally viewed as a dark time of suffering and oppression. The Bulgarian Church as well as the empires political rule was destroyed. The nobility either were killed, fled the country, or accepted Islam and were assimilated into Turkish society. The peasantry now had Turkish lords. Every now and then, male children were taken from their families, converted to Islam and raised to serve as Janissaries. While the Ottoman Empire was at its height of power, the Bulgarians under its yoke could live in relative peace and security, if not freedom or self-determination. But when the empire began to decline, its central authority could not control local officials, who were sometimes corrupt and at times even downright vicious.   Throughout this half a millennium, Bulgarians held stubbornly to their Orthodox Christian beliefs, and their Slavic language and their unique liturgy kept them from becoming absorbed into the Greek Orthodox Church. The Bulgarian peoples thus retained their identity, and when the Ottoman Empire began to crumble in the late 19th century, the Bulgarians were able to establish an autonomous territory.   Bulgaria was declared an independent kingdom, or tsardom, in 1908. Sources and Suggested Reading The compare prices links  below will take you to a site where you can compare prices at booksellers across the web. More in-depth info about the book may be found by clicking on to the books page at one of the online merchants. The visit merchant links will take you to an online bookstore, where you can find more information about the book to help you get it from your local library. This is provided as a convenience to you; neither Melissa Snell nor About is responsible for any purchases you make through these links. A Concise History of Bulgaria(Cambridge Concise Histories)by R. J. CramptonCompare prices The Voices of Medieval Bulgaria, Seventh-Fifteenth Century: The Records of a Bygone Culture(East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450-1450)by K. PetkovVisit merchant State and Church: Studies in Medieval Bulgaria and Byzantiumedited by Vassil Gjuzelev and Kiril PetkovVisit merchant The Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans(East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450-1450)edited by Florin Curta and Roman KovalevVisit merchant Armies of the Volga Bulgars Khanate of Kazan: 9th-16th Centuries(Men-at-Arms)by Viacheslav Shpakovsky and David NicolleCompare prices The text of this document is copyright  ©2014-2016 Melissa Snell. You may download or print this document for personal or school use, as long as the URL below is included. Permission is   not  granted to reproduce this document on another website. For publication permission,  please   contact  Melissa Snell. The URL for this document is:http://historymedren.about.com/od/europe/fl/Bulgars-Bulgaria-and-Bulgarians.htm

Testing Usaability of Web Page Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Testing Usaability of Web Page - Essay Example There is interaction between the user of a computer and computer as a machine that transmits information across when it is used by the user. It's a kind of communion that takes place between the user and the computer with varying results. For instance the user uses the input devices to get message through in the form of what he has typed -email, chat or other stratagems at his disposal. Machine works to get the message across through variety of forms chosen by the user. Usability then refers to a system of teeming reality in which human and machine inter connect and communicate through in put and out put devices of the system which has been used . User interface is a way through which machine and human communicate a system. The appropriate criterion of assessing usability is in the significance of the system that is used by all. For users usability is meaning full because it enables them to find out about how they performed tasks fruitfully or had problems in completing them. For a developer usability is the success or failure of the system... For management productivity of work force holds eminence because failure of a system means no profit. Interface Designers learn designer guidelines and designer principles to get feedback about the system they have constructed from the people who use it. Users Designers, developers and management have standards by which usability can be assessed, and they have the right to pass verdict about what is proper and usable for them. . They have to make sure what are the standards by which a design has to satisfy public appeal and familiarity... For constructing a web page goals have to be set that will determine specific strategies to assess usability in terms of success of a web page by its users. Length of site's design construction, evaluation periods Specific quantitative and qualitative measures of success are the foundations on which usability can germinate public appeal. Another way to assess it is to know what the audience wants to read on the site that will be successful by giving them the information they want. A well defined system can be constructed keeping in view needs and ideas of the users. Data base of existing, needed content will take into consideration content resources for making an out line for one's needs for a web page design. Information can be organized for assessment. Horton, Lynch (2002) (Web style guide 2nd edition) The content of the web page should meet the needs of the users to be assessed. Communication with the users of the webpage will be useful for fulfilling their demands of giving them proper service and things they want. Effective web page design contains both graphic images and text which makes the site enjoyable for the users. Web site organization, graphic design, and typography are useful for the users because they feel they are getting accurate information from the site. Logs for the web site can be analyzed for development of quantitative data for the site's

Statement of purpose Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Statement of purpose - Essay Example Working as a creative artist for an events management company and then as an accounts executive in an advertising agency, my career prospects have been hopefully bright. This experience has inspired me to further my knowledge of the complex business world by pursuing an MBA course of study with greater emphasis on international business strategy. I fervently hope that the level of expertise and intelligence obtained from an MBA program of study specifically from California State University, Los Angeles, could help me become a professional business executive capable of successfully piecing together the vast puzzle of literature on the subject of international business to arrive at convincing solutions. I am confident I have a highly appropriate academic background as shown by my current level of education to join the community of scholars in your prestigious MBA program. While in college, I participated in diverse extra and intra-curricular activities that allowed me to develop my creative capabilities in designing and executing highly ambitious marketing campaigns. Further I am also interested in marketing research that has a broader applicatory significance in multicultural societies. I was attracted by the very seminal and the broader perspective-centric nature of the contents of the MBA program of study at the California State University, Los Angeles. To be sure it’s not only an academic qualification that I am interested in. In fact I am looking for a significant experience in an enriching academic environment. In other words what I have been fundamentally attracted towards in the CSU, Los Angeles is the very curriculum content based on enhancing the student’s analytical skills in competitive business environments. I am sure my ambition to be a marketing manager with particular emphasis on brand management strategy would go a long way despite the

Marketing Final Term Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing Final Term - Essay Example Among the cabin crews, Emirates Airlines has one of the largest numbers of cabin crews which hail from around 95 different nationals. Emirates Airlines has installed individual entertainment system in all of its classes enabling customers for not only making online booking but also facilitates for choosing their arena of seating. These outstanding features have enabled this airline to be a customer oriented and pioneering contributor for advanced services. Emirates Airlines have empowered over 280 international awards, among which the prestigious award has been CAPA airline award for the year 2005, as awarded by the Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation. Target market Targeting the kid’s market The needs of kids can be used to increase the share of market. There are a lot of families and parents who cares for the needs of their kids much more than themselves. Offering a suitable and comfortable environment to kids can reduce the misgiving of families. After launching of the campaig n of â€Å"kids go free†, more family groups were received by Emirates Airlines than before. Through cooperation with tourism companies and hotels in Dubai, the emirates are keen to attract large number of tourists. The parents are also willing to take their kids and enjoy affordable travel with Emirates Airlines. The kids friendlier environmental can provide pleasure to kids for having a great time with their parents in Dubai. Now, the focus is more towards the kids market as the kids can influence the decision of parents. UAE’s tourism and business segment customers The emergence of Dubai as a tourism hub and regional business has provided Emirates Airlines to fuel the traffic of regional air passenger enabling abundance of room for growth. The law of freehold ownership has been attracting tourists and business communities. Expatriates in UAE UAE, being 5th largest crude oil exporter of world and Dubai, being the fastest growing city of world, has created huge demand for skilled and unskilled workforce for feeding its emerging labour market and booming economy. A major attraction for various workforces around the world is its highly paid labour market. So, Emirates Airlines targets the expatriates in UAE. Transit passengers For Emirates airlines, Dubai is the operational hub. It has been positioned as a connector between Australia/ Asia and Europe and has supported the growth of emirates airlines. This connection point has been used by Emirates airlines to promote the business, especially transit passengers. Emirates airlines target to prosper in this particular segment through marketed and well established wide range network. Goals Emirates Airlines focuses towards maximizing the return on capital of overall Group, to take full advantage of the competencies of Group in market and to be diverse and balance to the earning streams of Group. The objectives pertaining to the fulfillment of these goals are to improve and retain the market share of f requent business class traveler, to tap the market of low cost carriers for achieving the return on investment of company, to promote the tourism activities of Dubai and to introduce Dubai to the world and to increase the market share. Part two Marketing mix The Emirates Airlines hold an extraordinary achievement during the previous years. However, during 2009 which was one of the

Isolation Purification and Characterisation of Rubisco

Isolation Purification and Characterisation of Rubisco Carbon is essential for life. Unfortunately, carbon in the earth and atmosphere is locked in highly oxidized forms, such as carbon dioxide. In order to be useful, this oxidized carbon must be fixed into organic forms. Plants perform this taks by carbon-fixation through photosynthesis. There is an enzyme inside plant cells, called Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco). It takes carbon dioxide and attaches it to ribulose bisphosphate. In spite of its central role, rubisco is a very slow catalyst, when compared to other enzymes. Typical enzymes can process a thousand molecules per second, but rubisco fixes only about three carbon dioxide molecules per second. This slow rate is compensated by its increased production. Rubisco comprises of half of the protein in the chloroplasts making it the most plentiful single enzyme on the Earth. Rubisco also shows lack of specificity. in rubisco, an oxygen molecule can bind comfortably in the site designed to bind to carbon dioxide. Rubisco then attaches the oxygen to the sugar chain, forming a faulty oxygenated product. The plant cell then performs a costly series of salvage reactions to correct this. Studies on the enzyme by Manuel  J et al, in higher plants, revealed the presence of 8 small (S) chains with a MW of 13 kDa each and 8 large (L) chains with a MW of 55 kDa each. Assembly of all these chains occurs in the chloroplast stroma, building the whole holoenzyme L8S8 also called Form I. [Assessment of D-Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase / Oxygenase (Rubisco) Enzymatic Activity Handbook of Plant Ecophysiology Techniques, chapter 23, Springer Netherlands]. J. E. Musgrove et al found that the newly synthesized Rubisco large subunits made from isolated intact chloroplasts from Pisum sativum are bound non-covalently to large subunit binding protein. They found that the binding protein purified from Pisum sativum was in the form of an oligomer of relative molecular mass (Mr) about 720000. Analysis on polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulphate revealed equal amounts of two different types of subunit, termed alpha (Mr about 61000) and beta (Mr about 60000); thus th e oligomer has the composition ÃŽÂ ±6ÃŽÂ ²6 [The Rubisco Large Subunit Binding Protein, by  © 1986 The Royal Society]. The post-translational modification the Rubisco was studied extensively by Mulligan R. M., et al and Houtz R. L., et al. Their study revealed that it undergoes at least three differnet types of post-translational modifications inside the cell. The larger subunit of the enzyme is coded by a plastid gene and is translated into Rubisco holoenzyme. Mass spectral and amino acid sequence analysis of peptides prepared from Rubisco had demonstrated that this subunit is processed to the mature form by removal of the N-terminal Met-1 and Ser-2 residues and acetylation of Pro-3 [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 85:1513-1517, (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 86:1855-1859 respectively]. In 1989, Houtz R. L., et al found that the LS from many species contained a trimethyllysyl residue at Lys-14 [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 86:1855-1859,  Houtz R. L., et al (1991) Plant Physiol. 97:913-920,  Houtz R. L., et al (1992) Plant Physiol. 98:1170-1174]. The small subunit (SS) of Rubisco is al so post-translationally modified. This polypeptide is post-translationally imported into chloroplasts and processed by a stromal processing peptidase that removes the targeting presequence. The resultant N-terminal methionine residue of the processed SS is subjected toN-methylation (Grimm R., et al (1997) FEBS Lett. 408:350-354) prior to assembly with the LS into the holoenzyme. The reactions of Calvin cycle is as shown below: 1. Rubisco is the enzyme catalyzing the following reaction: Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate + CO2 + H2O 2 3-Phosphoglycerate + 2 H+ The enzyme also has an unusual oxygenase actvity, shown below: 2. Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate + O2 3-Phosphoglycerate + Phosphoglycolate + H2O + 2H+ At high concentrations CO2 the reaction with O2 is suppressed. Phosphoglycolate is then dephosphorylated and passed into peroxisomes where it is further oxidized, glyoxylate is amidated, and glycine is produced. This process is referred to as photorespiration and it occurs under conditions where the oxygen concentration is high. Aim: The principal objective of the experiment was to isolate, characterise the Rubisco from fresh pea leaves and estimate its specific activity. The isolation and extraction was done using ammonium sulphate precipitation at different concentrations. The enzyme fraction was separated using column chromatography with Sephacryl S-300 and confirmed with SDS-PAGE and native gel bands. The presence of the enzyme band was confirmed by comparison with that of a standard purified enzyme from spinach. The total protein and enzyme assay was done using standardised protocols. Methods: All procedures were performed at/or close to 10 ÃÅ'Ã…   C. Extraction: Fresh pea leaves, with veins removed, were taken from light-adapted actively-photosynthesised plants, which were previously put in sunlight for 1 hr prior to harvest. About 12g of leaf laminas were blended with cold extraction buffer [0.1M Kphospate, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.2] and squeezed through wet Miracloth. BSA was quickly added to a concentration of 1 mg/ml and centrifuged at 20,000g for 15 min. An aliquot of 100 ÃŽÂ ¼L was stored for enzyme analysis and the rest was used for fractionation with ammonium sulphate. Ammonium sulphate precipitation: Solid [NH4]2SO4 at 30% saturation at pH 7.8 ( adjusted with ammonia solution) was added and after 10 min, it was centrifuged at 10,000g for 10 min. The pellet was stored and to the supernatant again solid [NH4]2SO4 at 45 % saturation at pH 7.8, was added and centrifuged as before. The supernatant was poured off, and the precipitate was suspended in 15 ml of fresh 55% ammonium sulphate solution [2 mM EDTA, pH 7.5] and was stored. The supernatant was brought to 90% ammonium sulphate and adjusted to pH 7.8 as before. It was again centrifuged as before. The precipitates from 30% and 90% ammonium sulphate procedures were redissolved in 10mL of extraction buffer [0.1M Kphospate, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.2] and stirred gently with glass rod. Both fractions were assayed for protein (Bradford method) and Rubisco activity. The stored precipitate from 55% AS was centrifuged for 10 min at 10,000g and dissolved gently in 4 ml of extraction buffer. This was again centrifuged at 26,000 g for 10 min and the supernatant which was clear, pale yellow in color was kept. Gel filtration: 3 ml of a sub sample from above was desalted by passing through Biorad Econopac-10 column with phosphate buffer [Accessed 28-Apr-2010] [50mM Kphosphate, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5]. The colored compounds were absorbed and were separated from proteins. 3 ml of salt-free sample solution was loaded into the Sephacryl S-300 column, which was equilibrated with Hepes buffer [25mM Hepes, 0.1 M NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1mM DTT, 25mM MgCl2, 25mM NaHCO3, pH 7.8] at RT. The sample was allowed to run at 25 ml/sq.cm cross section per hour with Hepes buffer with a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The first 10 mL was collected in a measuring cylinder and then fractions of 1.5 mL were collected in microfuge tubes. The protein was measured at 280 nm. The carboxylase was eluted as the first major peak of the protein in the elution profile. The protein samples were stored till the enzyme was identified. Then all the fractions containing the enzyme were pooled and its protein content was measured using Bradford assay. The specific activity of the purified enzyme preparation from above was compared with that of purified RUBISCO from spinach. The enzyme preparation was diluted suitably for the assay. PAGE gel: The protein content of the fractions collected from the column was determined and a suitable concentration of it was loaded in the SDS-PAGE and native gels as described by the method of Laemelli [Nature 227 (5259): 680-685]. They were then fixed, stained and destained for visualising the bands. The molecular weight of Rubisco was determined by the method of Shapiro et al [Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 28 (5): 815-820] Enzyme assay: enzyme assay was done spectrophotometrically using coupled enzyme system. The 2,3PG formed by the enzyme was phosphorylated using ATP and the resulting 2,3 bisPG was coupled with G-3-PDH and NADH. ADP generated reacts with Creatine-phosphate to yield ATP and Creatine. The carboxylase activity was followed by the oxidation of NADH at 340 nm and 25 ÃÅ'Ã…   C. The substrate/buffer solution [82mM Na Hepes, 20mM MgCl2, 1 mM ATP, 0.1 mg/ml BSA, 0.22 mM NADH, 10 mM Creatine-phosphate, 50 mM NaHCO3 ] the coupling enzymes were phophoglycerate kinase (380 U/ml), G-3-PDH (270 U/ml) and creatine kinase (200 U/ml). Pure carboxylase from spinach was added at 0.5 mg/ml concentration in phosphate buffer with 21 mM Ribulose bisphosphate in sterile, filtered water. Protein estimation: This was done by the method of Bradford M.M. [Anal. Biochem. 72:248-254.] Results: Crude extract contained the maximum total protein and the enzyme concentration as usual. While the total enzyme units was high in the crude extract the specific activity of the enzyme was high in the 0-30% AS step. Also, the total protein protein extracted with AS was less with 30-45% stage but increased with 0-30% 45-90% step significantly. The enzyme concentration, specific activity and total enzyme units was maximum at 0-30% fraction, indicating the relative purity to be the best at this fraction. A calibration graph was constructed. From the graph, the O.D of 0.152 gave the concentration of the protein in the unknown sample as 180 ÃŽÂ ¼g / mL. The above gel of 2008 shows the presence of at three bands in most lanes except in lane 6 8. Accordingly, the thicker band corresponds to that of the larger subunit and the last band to that of smaller subunit of the enzyme with their respective molecular weights as calculated from the graph. The lane 3 is my lane and does not show a thick band for LS of the enzyme. Still the SS is seen as a faint band when compared to that of lane10- pure enzyme from spinach. The native gel pattern also shows a faint band for the LS with SS subunit band almost absent. The gel pattern doesnt appear to be good with distorted bands in lanes 4,5 6, inspite of the conspicuous presence of the LS in them. (iv) Calculation of MW of Rubisco from standard molecular weight markers: Protein The band on the gel for the small subunit pea Rubiscos MW (MW 49.6 kDa) was found to between that of BSA and ovalbumin. For large subunit of the enzyme (MW 15.16 kDa) it was between lysozyme and soybean trypsin inhibitor. Discussion: The principal objective is to extract, isolate and characterise the Rubisco from fresh pea leaves. As per the conventional methods of extraction and isolation, ammonium Sulfate at different concentrations was used to isolate all proteins from the fresh pea leaves. Each fraction showed different protein content, total enzyme activity and specific activity. Column (Sephacryl S-300) chromatography was employed to separate out all proteins with an isoelectric point of pH 8 or lower. The fraction with maximum concentration of the enzyme, which was from 0-30% AS step was pooled and assayed for total and specific activity as described in the methods. Bradford protein assay was used to determine the concentration of the protein in each sample in order to determine the specific activity of each fraction of the enzyme from the column. The specific activity was also found to be maximum at 0-30 % AS step. The sample extract was run through column with positively charged matrix. Knowing that Rubiscos Isoelectric point is pH 4.2, a buffer with a pH of 8 is run through the column ensuring that Rubisco will stick to the matrix. Protein that remains in matrix is eluted using different salt concentrations in buffer and collected in fractions of 1.5 ml. Because Rubisco is known to be the most abundant protein in fresh pea leaves, the fractions containing the highest protein concentration are kept for each different salt concentration. The proteins were separated using SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. The sample in my lane 3 contained 2 bands (with a faint LS) with a molecular weight of 49.6 kDa and 15.16 kDa. According to Creighton, et al [Encycolpedia of Molecular Biology, 4th ed. (New York:John Wiley and Sons, Inc.), 1999.] Rubisco is made of 2 subuints, viz., large subunit: 50-55 kDa and a small subunit: 12-18 kDa. The specific activity was maximum with 0-30% AS step and decreased with increasing AS%, indicating that it was getting extracted at the earlier stage of the AS precipitation itself. There was a loss of activity as well as the relative purity of the enzyme with increasing AS% . Though the PAGE electrophoretic patterns doesnt conspicously confirm the presence of the enzyme, the assy from the fraction proved so. The probable reason of the faint band may be due to insufficient protein being loaded in the gel or may be due to over destaining of the band or less staining. On the whole Rubisco was successfully isolated.

Oxidative Stress :: Health, Diseases

Oxidative stress plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of various diseases including cancer, atherosclerosis, ischemic injury, inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. As oxidative stress might be an important part of many human diseases, the use of antioxidants in pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals is intensively studied. Natural antioxidants have been the focus of considerable interest in recent times [22]. To date antioxidant activity of E. cava has been extensively studied and documented. E. cava extracts and the isolated compounds exhibited strong antioxidant activity and this proven antioxidant properties of the brown seaweed as a valuable natural antioxidant source have been utilized into several industrial applications [23]. One of the previous studies [10] has shown antioxidant activities of phlorotannins purified from E. cava on free radical scavenging using electron spin resonance (ESR). The potential antioxidant activities of three phlorotannins namely phloroglucinol, eckol and dieckol purified from E. cava were evaluated and all the compounds showed potential radical scavenging activities and potential inhibitory effects on H2O2-mediated DNA damage as well. In addition, promising antioxidant properties of E. cava were reported with novel phlorotannin derivatives [7]. They have isolated and characterized seven phlorotannins from E. cava and according to the results all the phlorotannins exhibited potent antioxidant properties. Kang et al. [24] have investigated the cytoprotective effect of eckol, which was isolated from E. cava, against oxidative stress induced cell damage in V79-4 cells. Further, they suggested that eckol protects V79-4 cells against oxidative damage by enhancing the cellular antio xidant activity and modulating cellular signal pathway. Antioxidative effect of E. cava dried by far infrared radiation drying was reported by Lee et al. [25]. Methanolic extract from E. cava dried by far infrared radiation drying enhanced cell viability and H2O2 scavenging activity in Vero cells. It was also found that dieckol; a phlorotannin was the major antioxidant compound in this work. Interestingly, a study in antioxidant activity of brown algal phlorotannins demonstrated that phlorotannins of E. cava had significant radical scavenging activities against the superoxide anion and DPPH, and were more effective compared to ascorbic acid and ÃŽ ±-tocopherol [26]. Triphlorethol-A phlorotannin found in E. cava, protects V79-4 cells against oxidative stress induced cell death through up regulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) [27]. Further, they suggested triphlorethol-A augments cellular antioxidant defense capacity through induction of HO-1 via ERK-Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway, thereby protecting cells from oxidative stress. In another stud y cytoprotective effect of triphlorethol-A against ÃŽ ³-ray radiation-induced oxidative stress was reported [28].

Haidt Happiness Hypothesis

Ch. 5 The Pursuit of Happiness (Haidt) pp. 81-102 1. Compare the main ideas of The Consolation of Philosophy from Ch. 2 and of Ecclesiastes on pp. 81-82. 2. How do we experience pleasure differently from the animals? Why don’t we enjoy life more than they do? What’s the problem or trick with reinforcement as a source of pleasure? 3. Explain and give examples of 2 types of positive affect according to Davidson. Which one gives us more happiness? 4. What is the progress principle? 5. Explain the adaptation principle, habituation of neurons, and the hedonic treadmill. . Describe early happiness hypotheses (Buddha, stoics). Do these theories of happiness suggest that we hide from the world in order to find peace? 7. Describe the relationship between marriage and happiness. What’s the â€Å"reverse correlation† between marriage and happiness (â€Å"reverse† does not mean â€Å"negative†)? 8. List factors which are strongly associated with happines s and the ones which are not but most of us believe that they should lead to happiness (pp. 88-89). 9. Explain the main components of happiness formula and describe the research that it is based on. 10.Name the external conditions that have strong effect on happiness according to Haidt (pp. 92-94). 11. Describe the experience sampling method. 12. What are the characteristics of flow? How is flow different from physical pleasures? 13. What’s the difference between pleasures and gratifications according to Seligman? 14. How can we increase pleasures and how can we find our gratifications? 15. Why do people pursue goals that work against their happiness? 16. What is the difference between conspicuous and inconspicuous consumption? 17. Explain the paradox of choice.

Brain

Brain Introduction Through a recent approach done in the educational literature, brain based learning is associates with the structure and the relation of the functioning of the brain. The researchers of this approach have come up with principles concerning the brain and how it relates with learning (Kahveci Ay, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Brain-Based Learning Principles and Strategies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The values of brain based learning offers a theoretical framework for an efficient learning and the teaching process, providing the best conditions in which learning occurs in the brain. These principles guide the instructors to prepare and decide on the best learning surroundings, based in neurobiology (Ozden Gultekin, 2008). Brain-based learning illustrates the performance of the brain and considers the rules and regulations of the brain for meaningful learning. The most vital function of the b rain is to learn, which acts as any other part of the human organs. The brain has limitless capability for learning. Therefore, the functions of the brain are vital for the efficiency of learning. This means that in order to have effectual learning, the brain must be functioning well (Kahveci Ay, 2008). The instructors, who perform their duties in teamwork with the neurobiologists, combine their facts concerning the functions of the brain and they adapt them to the learning principles of the brain (Ozden Gultekin, 2008). Principles and strategies of brain-based learning One of the principles based on the brain learning suggests that effectual learning is only achievable trough practicing and taking into considerations the real life events. Through this, the brain will be more expressive and will uphold the processes in search of meaning and patterning (Ozden Gultekin, 2008). Research has shown that when the brain conveys its pattern making behavior, it will create coherency and t he meaning. When the learning activity associates with the physical experience, learning becomes efficient. In addition, an environment of total immersion in a multitude of complex interactive experiences makes learning possible. This comprises the traditional methods used in instructing and the analysis as part of the larger practices (Lackney, 2011).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Research done concerning the brain reveals that association of the brain and emotions helps individuals to recall and remember the memories preserved in the central nervous system. The limbic system and the neo-mammalian brain happen to be the home place where emotions originate. The Sensory data relayed to the thalamus in the midbrain acts as a relay station to the sensory cortex (Lackney, 2011). The two organs that are integral to the learning procedure and the individuals’ capability to stay focused in their surroundings are the amygdala and hypothalamus. The emotional stimulus highly stimulates the interpretation of curriculum in both the student and the teacher. From this, two opportunity routes may happen, one involving the conscious brain, which comprises the prefrontal cortex and the other one including the shorter, faster route, which comprises of the amygdale (Rushton Juola, 2008). An environment that offers the students with choice and empowerment, enhanced by the usage of hands-on, differentiated instruction, permits the students to be responsible for their learning, thereby involving several parts of the brain. With such surroundings, there is a possibility of provision of aid in the thickening of the myelination sheaf, development of neurons and stimulation of serotonin and other neurochemicals, which enhances the child’s welfare. The development of the brain, supported by efficient teachers, encourages children to make new discoveries in stra tegized surroundings that enhance student autonomy (Rushton Juola, 2008). The brain friendly places are where the learning in the brain occurs, normally called the brain-based classrooms. These learning classrooms happen to be the perfect learning environments where the brain roles and responsibilities in learning occur in terms of training and learning procedures. In these classes, learners get submerged into difficult and stressful experiences. Most people assume that in the brain classrooms, learners are unique and the previous knowledge given to them acts as a baseline to new learning.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Brain-Based Learning Principles and Strategies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Utilization of different strategies in learning is of paramount importance for it will enable the learner to feel safer in the learning surroundings and it will provide the learners with different explanations. This wil l also enrich learning and the educators will have wider knowledge for the learning process (Ozden Gultekin, 2008). To activate emotions and learning, the brain requires difficulties or a surrounding that creates stress. Generation of stress in the brain enhances a survival imperative. However, too much stress and anxiety hinders chances created for learning. On the other hand, too little stress makes the brain to be more relaxed and comfortable and this enhances easy learning. Relaxed alertness is a term that refers to the brain state for optimal learning. This means that as the designers and the instructors require creating opportunities that are not only secure to learn, they also flash some emotional interests through celebrations and performance of rituals (Lackney, 2011). Conclusion Brain-based learning is a perfect strategy for helping students in all levels enhances their learning capabilities. Pioneers of this learning strategy developed twelve basic principles of the brai n that helps in producing efficient learning. Brain-based learning also stresses the importance of exercising the brain as a major strategy of this approach. In addition, it utilizes the purpose of emotions and stressful circumstances, which help in the earning process. This approach also comprises of learning environments for instance brain-based classrooms where instructors and students engage in an interactive process. References Kahveci, A. Ay, S. (2008). Different Approaches –Common Implications: Brain-Based And Constructivist Learning From A Paradigms And Integral Model Perspective. Journal of Turkish Science Education, 5, 3, 124-129. Lackney, J.A. (2011). Twelve Design Principles Based on Brain-based Learning Research. Web.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ozden, M. Gultekin, M. (2008).The Effects of Brain-Based Learning on Academic Achievement and Retention of Knowledge in Science Course. Electronic Journal of Science Education, 12, 1: 3-19. Rushton, S. Juola, A. (2008). Classroom Learning Environment, Brain Research and the No Child Left behind Initiative: 6 years later. Early Childhood Educational Journal, 36, 87-92.

Leslie Marmon Silko, “Lullaby” Essays

Leslie Marmon Silko, â€Å"Lullaby† Essays Leslie Marmon Silko, â€Å"Lullaby† Paper Leslie Marmon Silko, â€Å"Lullaby† Paper American Mosaic, July 2011 FOCUS: Leslie Marmon Silko, â€Å"Lullaby† â€Å"Lullaby† is a short story that first appeared in a book entitled Storyteller in 1981. This was a book written by Leslie M. Silko that uses short stories, memories, poetry, family pictures, and songs to present her message. The book is concerned, in general, with the tradition of story-telling as it pertains to the Native American culture. Lullaby seems to be a story of tradition, change, death, loss and the tensions fostered as a result of them between the old couple in the story and the Anglo-American authorities of the time. Throughout the story there are quite a few conflicts. Some are internal between Ayah and herself and others are external ones through Ayah, the white man, and Chato, her husband. The story is told by the main character, Ayah. She’s an old woman retracing tragic memories of life occurrences like the death of her son, Jimmie, in a helicopter crash during a war. She was not sure about what happened to him until a man in khakis drove up in a blue sedan and told her that he was dead and how he died. Jimmie was the one that taught Ayah to sign her name. She regrets this greatly as she relays the loss of her other two children who were taken by white doctors because they were thought to have a disease, allegedly given to them by their grandmother. They were taken because, in fear of the white men who were yelling and pointing for her signature, she â€Å"signed† the children away. Later on, when they were brought to visit, it was apparent the children were forgetting their customs and language; further evidence of the completeness of her loss. These events seem to have severely alienated Ayah towards Chato as well. Especially those specifically related to the children as indicated by, â€Å"She slept alone on the hill until the middle of November until the first snows came. Then she made a bed for herself where the children slept. She did not lie down next to Chato again until many years later when he was sick and shivering and only her body could keep him warm. † Ayah also speaks of her husband’s work (Chato) as a fence mender for a nearby rancher. She took offense at the exploitation Chato endured at the hands of the rancher that employed im, and let him go without hesitation when Chato gets too old to work. As a result they lost their home when the rancher told Chato he [and â€Å"his old woman†] had to be out of the shack [they lived in] by the next afternoon. Despite Ayah’s immense sense of devotion to Chato it seems apparent that she sees him as a weak husband and resents him deeply for it. Though much of the story is of Ayah’s reminiscences, its present tense has Ayah searching for Chato. She finds him walking along the road late on a very cold night [seemingly] in a daze brought on by illness [and wine]. While resting together beside the road she wraps Chato in the army blanket Jimmie sent her thereby eliciting comfort from a symbol of one of her greatest losses. The lullaby she sings to him at the end of the story, as they lie together in the snow, is one that her grand-mother and mother sang to her as a child and seems to provide a sense of closure for her as she sings it. It is one of the last pieces of tradition she can cling to from her own culture as she waits for death to take her and her husband from under the cold, clear winter sky.

Java impact on business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Java impact on business - Research Paper Example When focusing on technology and business there is need for a deeper understanding of one’s business in order to establish how technology can be applied to transform the particular business an individual runs. In this case the telecommunication equipments need to be ones best allies in business. This paper therefore seeks to explain Twitter as social network and communication App in communication technology through highlighting how the technology is a â€Å"game-changer† in business; and for which particular organization or industry it has lead to transformation; What the organizational benefits from using this particular technology; the downside/cost (monetary and non-monetary) of using this particular technology; and the potential application of using this particular technology in the future Twitter is a social networking free site with micro blogging services where registered members have a platform to share or broadcast their short posts therein referred to as tweets. It also allows the registered members to follow fellow registered members using their technology devices or other multiple platforms. Through posting on Twitter.com which is their domain, one can be able to broadcast their tweets, which may include information about events, their situation, or just personal opinions. Their followers can then reply t such tweets via text messages or through the site via the domain above. Therefore, twitter can become a viral conduit of information sharing where an individual can retweet other tweets making information go viral (Entrrepreneur, 2015). Twitter can be accessed through browsers on PCs or cellular phones. Similarly the communication tool is available as an APP installable on tablets or on cellular phones to enable an individual use it on the go. But how has twitter, a social networking site become a game changer in business? Communication is very important especially external communication that links the customers to the

Consumption in Wall-E Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Consumption in Wall-E - Essay Example Consumption is often thought of in regard to food; the act of hoarding food to the point of becoming overweight. Though this holds true in Wall-E and plays an essential role in the story, consumption can also mean the obtaining of consumer goods. Similar to hoarding food, this definition of consumption means to hoard consumer items, such as electronics or other material possessions, until there is simply too much of these items. In Wall-E, consumption is seen in both of these ways. The humans displayed in the film are overweight due to food consumption and are in the position of not being able to live on Earth because of mass consumption of consumer goods while they were living on the planet. Wall-E uses the conditions of the people and the Earth to show the message of how serious consumption can be and how close we are to following some of the actions seen in the movie. The film opens up to reveal an empty, trash-filled Earth. Due to mass consumption, which essentially took over the Earth, the extensive litter left behind made the air toxic, therefore making the Earth uninhabitable to people. Until the Earth is cleaned and habitable once again, the humans live on a spaceship hovering above the Earth. Far from being concerned about the state of their home, the humans lounge happily away in chairs that take them to whatever part of the craft they want to go to. They have all of the food that they could want, making it easy for them to gorge themselves to an unhealthy weight. These people let consumption get the better of them, resulting in a decline in health and control over their lives. Instead of learning their lesson about what took place on Earth, they continued to consume now that they had a new place to do it. The people in Wall-E, as well as the condition of the Earth, reveal how important we allow products to be in our lives. People have been known to throw away all of their money just so that they can have the newest top-of-the-line cell phone. A month later, when a newer model comes out, that first model goes in the trash and the new one is bought. The cycle continues, gradually covering our world with garbage, which is all due to our need of having stuff. More products are being created and thrown out than we can keep up with. We begin to think less of ourselves, less of our surroundings, and more about the wonderful toys and gadgets that we can get our hands on. People would rather risk being unhealthy and living in a dirty world than giving up even a single material possession. We no longer allow ourselves and our world to define us; our products and our need to have as much stuff as possible is what defines who we are. The world may be polluted, but we do not mind that as long as we have our cell phones. We have become both masters and slaves to material possessions. We are masters in the sense that we create products to do what we want them to do, which usually includes having them be capable of completing a task that makes our lives easier and less busy. We control what these products can do. On the other hand, we have become so consumed by material possessions that we are also slaves to them. We have allowed them to take over our lives to the point where many of us are willing to admit to it, yet refuse to do anything about it. We may be slaves to them, but they seem to be doing us so much good. This is where it tends to get confusing; we believe these products are